John dalton biography uol esportes
John Dalton
| English chemist and physicist Date of Birth: Country: Great Britain |
Content:
- Biography of John Dalton
- Early Life and Education
- Career and Scientific Contributions
- Atomic Theory and Later Life
Biography of John Dalton
John Dalton, an English chemist and physicist, is known for his contributions to the development of atomic theory.
He established the law of multiple proportions in and introduced the concept of atomic weight. Dalton was the first to determine the atomic weights of several elements and discovered the gas laws that were named after him. He also described the visual defect known as color blindness, later named Daltonism, that he himself suffered from.
Early Life and Education
John Dalton was born on September 6, , in a poor family in the small English village of Eaglesfield.
John dalton biography uol esportes Retrieved 1 July Guru Gobind Singh Biography. CBSE Notes for class 6. In he published the findings of the research in the paper called "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours", the experimental conclusion postulated that the shortage in colour perception was caused by discolouration of the liquid medium of the eyeball, since his brother and he himself was colour blind, he concluded that the loss of colour perception was due to the lack of the cells of the eye.At the age of thirteen, he completed his education at a local school and became an assistant teacher. In the autumn of , he became a mathematics teacher in Kendal. Dalton started his scientific research in , focusing on the observation and experimental study of air. He also developed an interest in mathematics and independently worked on new mathematical problems and solutions.
Dalton wrote his first scientific papers in this field.
John dalton books Dalton proposed that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms, which cannot be created, divided, or destroyed. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Royal Medal FRS Some witnesses reported that he was deficient in the qualities that make an attractive lecturer, being harsh and indistinct in voice, ineffective in the treatment of his subject, and singularly wanting in the language and power of illustration [ citation needed ].After four years, he became the headmaster of the school. During this time, Dalton formed a close relationship with Dr. Charles Hutton, the editor of several journals of the Royal Military Academy. Dalton became one of the regular contributors to these almanacs and received several prestigious awards for his contributions to the development of mathematics and philosophy.
Career and Scientific Contributions
In , Dalton moved to Manchester, where he taught at the New College.
He brought with him the manuscript "Meteorological Observations and Essays," in which he analyzed the processes of cloud formation, evaporation, distribution of atmospheric precipitation, and the morning north winds, along with descriptions of barometers, thermometers, hygrometers, and other instruments.
Dalton became a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society in and served as its secretary in He was elected as the vice-president in May and served as the president from until his death. In , Dalton presented a lecture on color blindness, a visual defect now known as Daltonism.
John dalton biography uol esportes e What that meant was that the molecules of an element are always made up of the same proportions, with the exception of water molecules. This revolutionary concept provided the first clear explanation for why elements react in consistent proportions, and how they combine to form specific compounds. It was in the early s he presented a series of papers "Experimental Essays" that established his work on the constitution of mixed gases; the pressure of steam and other vapours at different temperatures in a vacuum and in air. This rule dictated that if the atoms of two different elements were known to form only a single compound, like hydrogen and oxygen forming water or hydrogen and nitrogen forming ammonia, the molecules of that compound shall be assumed to consist of one atom of each element.In , he left the New College and became the highest-paid private tutor in Manchester, teaching only a few hours a day in wealthy families and devoting the rest of his time to scientific research. Dalton's attention was drawn to gases and gas mixtures, leading him to make several fundamental discoveries, including the law of uniform expansion of gases upon heating in , the law of multiple proportions in , and the phenomenon of polymerism using examples of ethylene and butylene.
Atomic Theory and Later Life
On September 6, , Dalton recorded the first table of atomic weights in his laboratory journal.
He first mentioned the atomic theory in his paper "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids," presented on October 21, , at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. From December to May , Dalton delivered a series of lectures on relative atomic weights at the Royal Institution in London. He further developed his atomic theory in his book "A New System of Chemical Philosophy," published in The book emphasized two key points: all chemical reactions are the result of the combination or division of atoms, and atoms of different elements have different weights.
In , Dalton was elected a corresponding member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.
The following year, he became the president of the Manchester Society, and in , the British government appointed him as a scientific expert for an expedition led by Sir John Ross. However, Dalton preferred the quiet work in his laboratory and declined the opportunity. He continued his research on atomic weights.
In , Dalton became a member of the Royal Society.
Shortly after, he traveled to France, where the Paris Academy of Sciences appointed him to its honorary council, recognizing his outstanding contributions to the field of science.
In , Dalton was awarded the Royal Society's highest honor, the Copley Medal, for his discoveries in the fields of chemistry and physics, primarily for his development of atomic theory.
He was elected as an honorary member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, the Moscow Society of Naturalists, and the Munich Academy.
In , Dalton received the highest distinction from the University of Oxford, as he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree. Among the scientists of that time, only Michael Faraday received a similar honor.
In , Dalton was granted a pension, and the decision of the government was announced at a ceremonial session at the University of Cambridge.
Despite his advanced age, Dalton continued to work diligently and present papers.
However, with old age, he began to suffer from frequent illnesses and found it increasingly difficult to work. On July 27, , Dalton passed away.