Merah delima asli sukarno biography

Sukarno

President of Indonesia from to

"Soekarno" redirects here. For the Indonesian film, see Soekarno (film).

In this Indonesian name, there is no family name nor a patronymic.

Sukarno^[d]^[e] (6 June – 21 June )^[5] was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from to

Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch colonialists.

He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invadingJapanese forces in World War II. Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to garner support for the Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas.

Upon Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad Hattadeclared Indonesian independence on 17 August , and Sukarno was appointed president. He led the Indonesian resistance to Dutch re-colonisation efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence in As a result, he was given the title "Father of Proclamation."^[6]

After a chaotic period of parliamentary democracy, Sukarno established an autocratic system called "Guided Democracy" in that successfully ended the instability and rebellions in the country.

In the early s Sukarno embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti-imperialism and personally championed the Non-Aligned Movement. These developments led to increasing friction with the West and closer relations with the USSR. After the events surrounding the 30 September Movement of , the military general Suharto largely took control of the country in a Western-backed military overthrow of the Sukarno-led government.

This was followed by repression of real and perceived leftists, including executions of Communist party members and suspected sympathisers in several massacres with support from the CIA^[7] and British intelligence services,^[8] resulting in an estimated , to over 1,, deaths.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] In , Suharto officially assumed the presidency, replacing Sukarno, who remained under house arrest until his death in

His eldest daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri, who was born during her father's rule in , later served as the fifth president of Indonesia from to

Name

The name Sukarno comes from the mythological chief hero of the Mahabharata, Karna.^[13] The spelling Soekarno, based on Dutch orthography, is still in frequent use, mainly because he signed his name in the old spelling.

Sukarno himself insisted on a "u" in writing, not "oe," but said that he had been told in school to use the Dutch style, and that after 50 years, it was too difficult to change his signature, so he still signed with an "oe."^[14] Official Indonesian presidential decrees from the period –, however, printed his name using the spelling.

The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, which serves the area near Indonesia's capital, Jakarta, still uses the Dutch spelling.

Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno (Brother/Comrade Karno) or Pak Karno ("Mr. Karno").^[15] Like many Javanese people, he had only one name.^[16]

He is sometimes referred to in foreign accounts as Achmed Sukarno, or some variation thereof.

A source from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs revealed that "Achmed" (later, written as "Ahmad" or "Ahmed" by Arab states and other foreign state press) was coined by M. Zein Hassan, an Indonesian student at Al-Azhar University and later a member of the staff at the Ministry, to establish Sukarno's identity as a Muslim to the Egyptian press after a brief controversy at that time in Egypt alleging Sukarno's name was "not Muslim enough." After the use of the name "Achmed" began, Muslim and Arab states freely supported Sukarno.

Thus, in correspondence with the Middle East, Sukarno always signed his name as "Achmed Sukarno."^[17]^[18]

Early life and family

Sukarno with his father, Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo (left), and with his mother, Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai (right).

The son of a Muslim Javanese primary school teacher, an aristocrat named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo who hailed from Grobogan, Central Java, and his Hindu Balinese wife from the Brahmin caste named Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai from Buleleng, Bali, Sukarno was born in Surabaya, East Java, in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), where his father had been sent following an application for a transfer to Java.^[19] He was originally named Kusno Sosrodihardjo.^[20] Following Javanese custom, he was renamed after surviving a childhood illness.

Education

After graduating from a native primary school in , he was sent to the Europeesche Lagere School (a Dutch primary school) in Mojokerto. Subsequently, in , Sukarno went to a Hogere Burgerschool (a Dutch-type higher-level secondary school) in Surabaya, where he met Tjokroaminoto, a nationalist and founder of Sarekat Islam.

In , Sukarno married Tjokroaminoto's daughter Siti Oetari. In , he began to study civil engineering (with a focus on architecture) at the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (Bandoeng Institute of Technology), where he obtained an Ingenieur degree (abbreviated as "Ir.", a Dutch-type engineer's degree) in During his study in Bandung, Sukarno became romantically involved with Inggit Garnasih&#;[id], the wife of Sanoesi, the owner of the boarding house where he lived as a student.

Inggit was 13 years older than Sukarno. In March , Sukarno divorced Siti Oetari to marry Inggit (who also divorced her husband Sanoesi). Sukarno later divorced Inggit and married Fatmawati.

Atypically even among the country's small educated elite, Sukarno was fluent in several languages. In addition to the Javanese language of his childhood, he was a master of Sundanese, Balinese and Indonesian, and was especially strong in Dutch.

He was also quite comfortable in German, English, French, Arabic, and Japanese, all of which were taught at his HBS. He was helped by his photographic memory and precocious mind.^[21]

In his studies, Sukarno was "intensely modern", both in architecture and in politics. He despised both the traditional Javanese feudalism, which he considered "backward" and to blame for the fall of the country under Dutch occupation and exploitation, and the imperialism practised by Western countries, which he termed as "exploitation of humans by other humans" (exploitation de l'homme par l'homme).

He blamed this for the deep poverty and low levels of education of Indonesian people under the Dutch. To promote nationalistic pride amongst Indonesians, Sukarno interpreted these ideas in his dress, in his urban planning for the capital (eventually Jakarta), and in his socialist politics, though he did not extend his taste for modern art to pop music; he had the Indonesian musical group Koes Bersaudara imprisoned for their allegedly decadent lyrics despite his reputation for womanising.

For Sukarno, modernity was blind to race, neat and elegant in style, and anti-imperialist.^[22]

Architectural career

After graduation in , Sukarno and his university friend Anwari established the architectural firm Soekarno & Anwari in Bandung, which provided planning and contractor services. Among Sukarno's architectural works are the renovated building of the Preanger Hotel (), where he acted as assistant to famous Dutch architect Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker.

Sukarno also designed many private houses on today's Jalan Gatot Subroto, Jalan Palasari, and Jalan Dewi Sartika in Bandung.

Later on, as president, Sukarno remained engaged in architecture, designing the Proclamation Monument and adjacent Gedung Pola in Jakarta; the Youth Monument (Tugu Muda) in Semarang; the Alun-alun Monument in Malang; the Heroes' Monument in Surabaya; and also the new city of Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan.

Sukarno was also deeply involved in building the Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex which includes him proposing the design for the roof of its main stadium.^[23]^[24]

Early struggle

Further information: Dutch Ethical Policy and Indonesian National Revival

Sukarno was first exposed to nationalist ideas while living under Tjokroaminoto.

Later, while a student in Bandung, he immersed himself in European, American, nationalist, communist, and religious political philosophy, eventually developing his own political ideology of Indonesian-style socialist self-sufficiency. He began styling his ideas as Marhaenism, named after Marhaen, an Indonesian peasant he met in the southern Bandung area, who owned his little plot of land and worked on it himself, producing sufficient income to support his family.

In university, Sukarno began organizing a study club for Indonesian students, the Algemeene Studieclub, in opposition to the established student clubs dominated by Dutch students.

Involvement in the Indonesian National Party

On 4 July , Sukarno with his friends from the Algemeene Studieclub established a pro-independence party, the Indonesian National Party (PNI), of which Sukarno was elected the first leader.

The party advocated independence for Indonesia, and opposed imperialism and capitalism because it opined that both systems worsened the life of Indonesian people. The party also advocated secularism and unity amongst the many different ethnicities in the Dutch East Indies, to establish a united Indonesia. Sukarno also hoped that Japan would commence a war against the western powers and that Indonesia could then gain its independence with Japan's aid.

Coming soon after the disintegration of Sarekat Islam in the early s and the crushing of the Indonesian Communist Party after its failed rebellion of , the PNI began to attract a large number of followers, particularly among the new university-educated youths eager for broader freedoms and opportunities denied to them in the racist and constrictive political system of Dutch colonialism.^[25]

Arrest, trial, and imprisonment

Arrest and trial

PNI activities came to the attention of the colonial government, and Sukarno's speeches and meetings were often infiltrated and disrupted by agents of the colonial secret police (Politieke Inlichtingendienst).

Eventually, Sukarno and other key PNI leaders were arrested on 29 December by Dutch colonial authorities in a series of raids throughout Java. Sukarno himself was arrested while on a visit to Yogyakarta. During his trial at the Bandung Landraad courthouse from August to December , Sukarno made a series of long political speeches attacking colonialism and imperialism, titled Indonesia Menggoegat (Indonesia Accuses).^[26]

Imprisonment

In December , Sukarno was sentenced to four years in prison, which were served in Sukamiskin prison in Bandung.

Permata delima asli According to this treaty, the Dutch released the republican leadership and returned the area surrounding Yogyakarta to republican control in June The letter was supposedly written by the British ambassador Andrew Gilchrist to the Foreign Office in London, mentioning a joint American and British attempt on subversion in Indonesia with the help of "local army friends. Sukarno consolidated his power by establishing the PNI in Article Talk.

His speech, however, received extensive coverage by the press, and due to strong pressure from the liberal elements in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies, Sukarno was released early on 31 December By this time, he had become a popular hero widely known throughout Indonesia.

However, during his imprisonment, the PNI had been splintered by the oppression of colonial authorities and internal dissension.

The original PNI was disbanded by the Dutch, and its former members formed two different parties; the Indonesia Party (Partindo) under Sukarno's associate Sartono who were promoting mass agitation, and the Indonesian Nationalist Education (New PNI) under Mohammad Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir, two nationalists who recently returned from studies in the Netherlands, and who were promoting a long-term strategy of providing modern education to the uneducated Indonesian populace to develop an intellectual elite able to offer effective resistance to Dutch rule.

After attempting to reconcile the two parties to establish one united nationalist front, Sukarno chose to become the head of Partindo on 28 July Partindo had maintained its alignment with Sukarno's own strategy of immediate mass agitation, and Sukarno disagreed with Hatta's long-term cadre-based struggle. Hatta himself believed Indonesian independence would not occur within his lifetime, while Sukarno believed Hatta's strategy ignored the fact that politics can only make real changes through formation and utilisation of force (machtsvorming en machtsaanwending).^[25]

During this period, to support himself and the party financially, Sukarno returned to architecture, opening the bureau of Soekarno & Roosseno with his university junior Roosseno.

He also wrote articles for the party's newspaper, Fikiran Ra'jat (People's Mind). While based in Bandung, Sukarno travelled extensively throughout Java to establish contacts with other nationalists. His activities attracted further attention by the Dutch PID. In mid, Sukarno published a series of writings titled Mentjapai Indonesia Merdeka ("To Attain Independent Indonesia").

For this writing, he was arrested by Dutch police while visiting fellow nationalist Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin in Jakarta on 1 August

Exile to Flores and Bengkulu

This time, to prevent providing Sukarno with a platform to make political speeches, the hardline governor-general JonkheerBonifacius Cornelis de Jonge utilised his emergency powers to send Sukarno to internal exile without trial.

In , Sukarno was shipped, along with his family (including Inggit Garnasih), to the remote town of Ende, on the island of Flores. During his time in Flores, he utilised his limited freedom of movement to establish a children's theatre. Among its members was future politician Frans Seda. Due to an outbreak of malaria in Flores, the Dutch authorities decided to move Sukarno and his family to Bencoolen (now Bengkulu) on the western coast of Sumatra, in February ^{[citation needed]}

In Bengkulu, Sukarno became acquainted with Hassan Din, the local head of Muhammadiyah organization, and he was allowed to teach religious teachings at a local school owned by the Muhammadiyah.

One of his students was year-old Fatmawati, daughter of Hassan Din. He became romantically involved with Fatmawati, which he justified by stating the inability of Inggit Garnasih to produce children during their almost year marriage. Sukarno was still in Bengkulu exile when the Japanese invaded the archipelago in

World War II and the Japanese occupation

Further information: Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies

Background and invasion

In early , during the Indonesian National Revival, Sukarno and fellow Indonesian nationalist leader Hatta (later Vice President), first foresaw a Pacific War and the opportunity that a Japanese advance on Indonesia might present for the Indonesian independence cause.^[27] On 10 January , Imperial Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies quickly defeating Dutch forces who marched, bussed and trucked Sukarno and his entourage three hundred kilometres from Bengkulu to Padang, Sumatra.

They intended keeping him prisoner and shipping him to Australia but abruptly abandoned him to save themselves upon the impending approach of Japanese forces on Padang.^[28]

Cooperation with the Japanese

Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence

On 29 April , when the Philippines were liberated by American forces, the Japanese allowed for the establishment of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan, BPUPK), a quasi-legislature consisting of 67 representatives from most ethnic groups in Indonesia.

Sukarno was appointed as head of the BPUPK and was tasked to lead discussions to prepare the basis of a future Indonesian state. To provide a common and acceptable platform to unite the various squabbling factions in the BPUPK, Sukarno formulated his ideological thinking developed over the previous twenty years into five principles. On 1 June , he introduced a set of five principles, known as pancasila, during the joint session of the BPUPK held in the former Volksraad Building (now called the Pancasila Building).

Pancasila, as presented by Sukarno during the BPUPK speech, consisted of five principles which Sukarno saw as commonly shared by all Indonesians:

Nationalism, whereby a united Indonesian state would stretch from Sabang to Merauke, encompassing all former Dutch East Indies
Internationalism, meaning Indonesia is to appreciate human rights and contribute to world peace, and should not fall into chauvinistic fascism such as displayed by Nazis with their belief in the racial superiority of Aryans
Democracy, which Sukarno believed has always been in the blood of Indonesians through the practice of consensus-seeking (musyawarah untuk mufakat), an Indonesian-style democracy different from Western-style liberalism
Social justice, a form of populist socialism in economics with Marxist-style opposition to free capitalism.
Merah delima asli sukarno biography McCormack eds. Operation Product [ edit ]. In December , Sukarno was sentenced to four years in prison, which were served in Sukamiskin prison in Bandung. These anti-imperialist and anti-Western policies, often employing brinkmanship with other nations, were also designed to unite the diverse and fractious Indonesian people.
Social justice also intended to provide an equal share of the economy to all Indonesians, as opposed to the complete economic domination by the Dutch and Chinese during the colonial period
Belief in God, whereby all religions are treated equally and have religious freedom. Sukarno saw Indonesians as spiritual and religious people, but in essence tolerant towards different religious beliefs

On 22 June, the Islamic and nationalist elements of the BPUPK created a small committee of nine (Indonesian: Panitia Sembilan), which formulated Sukarno's ideas into the five-point Pancasila, in a document known as the Jakarta Charter:^[39]

Belief in one and only Almighty God with obligation for Muslims to adhere to Islamic law (Ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam bagi para pemeluknya)
Just and civilised humanity (Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab)
Unity of Indonesia (Persatuan Indonesia)
Democracy through inner wisdom and representative consensus-building (Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam musyawarah perwakilan)
Social justice for all Indonesians (Keadilan bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia)

Due to pressure from the Islamic element, the first principle mentioned the obligation for Muslims to practice Islamic law (sharia).

However, the final Sila as contained in the Constitution which was put into effect on 18 August , excluded the reference to Islamic law for the sake of national unity. The elimination of sharia was done by Hatta based upon a request by Christian representative Alexander Andries Maramis, and after consultation with moderate Islamic representatives Teuku Mohammad Hassan, Kasman Singodimedjo, and Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo.^[40]

Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence

On 7 August , the Japanese allowed the formation of a smaller Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (Panitia Persiapan kemerdekaan Indonesia, PPKI), a person committee tasked with creating the specific governmental structure of the future Indonesian state.

Batu Merah Delima Soekarno - Slingadigital.com

Biography of Sukarno, Indonesia's First President - ThoughtCo

Misteri hilangnya batu merah delima milik Soekarno ... - Hops

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On 9 August, the top leaders of PPKI (Sukarno, Hatta and KRT Radjiman Wediodiningrat), were summoned by the commander-in-chief of Japan's Southern Expeditionary Forces, Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi, to Da Lat, &#;km from Saigon. Terauchi gave Sukarno the freedom to proceed with preparation for Indonesian independence, free of Japanese interference.

After much wining and dining, Sukarno's entourage was flown back to Jakarta on 14 August. Unbeknownst to the guests, atomic bombs had been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Japanese were preparing for surrender.

Japanese surrender

The following day, on 15 August, the Japanese declared their acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration terms and unconditionally surrendered to the Allies.

On the afternoon of that day, Sukarno received this information from leaders of youth groups and members of PETA Chairul Saleh, Soekarni, and Wikana, who had been listening to Western radio broadcasts. They urged Sukarno to declare Indonesian independence immediately, while the Japanese were in confusion and before the arrival of Allied forces.

Faced with this quick turn of events, Sukarno procrastinated. He feared bloodbath due to hostile response from the Japanese to such a move and was concerned with prospects of future Allied retribution.

Kidnapping incident

Main article: Rengasdengklok Incident

On the early morning on 16 August, the three youth leaders, impatient with Sukarno's indecision, kidnapped him from his house and brought him to a small house in Rengasdengklok, Karawang, owned by a Chinese family and occupied by PETA.

There they gained Sukarno's commitment to declare independence the next day. That night, the youths drove Sukarno back to the house of Admiral Tadashi Maeda, the Japanese naval liaison officer in the Menteng area of Jakarta, who sympathised with Indonesian independence. There, he and his assistant Sajoeti Melik prepared the text of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence.

Indonesian National Revolution

See also: Indonesian National Revolution and Liberal democracy period in Indonesia

Proclamation of Indonesian Independence

Main article: Proclamation of Indonesian Independence

In the early morning of 17 August , Sukarno returned to his house at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No.

56, where Hatta joined him. Throughout the morning, impromptu leaflets printed by PETA and youth elements informed the population of the impending proclamation. Finally, at 10&#;am, Sukarno and Hatta stepped to the front porch, where Sukarno declared the independence of the Republic of Indonesia in front of a crowd of people. This most historic of buildings was later ordered to be demolished by Sukarno himself, without any apparent reason.^[41]

On the following day, 18 August, the PPKI declared the basic governmental structure of the new Republic of Indonesia:

Electing Sukarno and Hatta as president and vice-president, respectively.
Putting into effect the Indonesian constitution, which by this time excluded any reference to Islamic law.
Establishing a Central Indonesian National Committee (Komite Nasional Indonesia Poesat, KNIP) to assist the president before an election of a parliament.

Sukarno's vision for the Indonesian constitution comprised the Pancasila (five principles).

Sukarno's political philosophy was mainly a fusion of elements of Marxism, nationalism and Islam. This is reflected in a proposition of his version of Pancasila he proposed to the BPUPK in a speech on 1 June ^[40]

Sukarno argued that all of the principles of the nation could be summarised in the phrase gotong royong.^[42] The Indonesian parliament, founded on the basis of this original (and subsequently revised) constitution, proved all but ungovernable.

This was due to irreconcilable differences between various social, political, religious and ethnic factions.^[43]